Communicable diseases common to man and animals – current state of the problem

36 However, despite the diff erence in terminology, the importance of zoonotic diseases remains relevant for everyone. Of course, in countries with diff erent climatic, geographical, cultural and gastronomic characteristics, certain diseases will prevail, but their social and economic signifi cance, however, will be similar for everyone. In our work, we wanted in a comparative aspect to show the most signifi cant zoonoses and the dependence of their distribution on climatic, geographical, gastronomic, cultural and a number of other features of the countries. We have carried out work in such countries as the Republic of Belarus, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. In our work, we identifi ed the most signifi cant zoonoses for the above countries and determined the main causes and factors contributing to the emergence and dissemination of these pathologies The studies were carried out using modern research methods, such as epizootological, virological, bacteriological, molecular genetic, statistical. As a result of the studies, it was found that a number of zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, are quite widespread in almost all of these countries, while anthrax, brucellosis, echinococcosis, have a signifi cant diff erence in the intensity of spread, and the immediate causes of this diff erence are both climatic and geographical factors, and features of agriculture, and a number of others.

There are zoonotic diseases of infectious nature and zoonotic diseases of parasitic nature among all diversity of zoonotic diseases. For each separate country, there are some of the most common and most signifi cant zoonotic diseases, which depends on both the climatic and geographical characteristics of the country and on the special features of agriculture, cultural characteristics and gastronomic preferences.
In recent decades, researchers and scientists have detected that cryptosporidiosis is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agriculture, especially in that the disease aff ects young farm animals, resulting in large economic losses. The disease is characterized by the development of severe immunodefi ciency, diseases of the respiratory system, as well as diarray syndrome. There are also reports of mass people diseases by "water" cryptosporiosis (because of eating poor quality water). Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis caused by water sometimes can be large. Already in 1993 chrestomatic had the example of the largest water epidemic in American history (Milwaukee, USA). As a result of drinking water from a communal water supply network containing the oocysts of cryptosporidium, at least 400,000 people were offi cially ill. At the same time, 54 deaths were registered. According to other information, the number of deaths was signifi cantly higher.
At present, cryptosporidia have been selected from 170 species of pets. According to Levine N., over 20 species of cryptosporidium parasite in various species of animals. Most researchers note that in farm animals, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cr. muris, in birds -Cr. meleagridis, Cr. Bailey and Cr. galli. They parasite on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, in respiratory organs, conjunctiva, in birds -also in the factory bag. Parasite development lasts 3-7 days on mucous membrane surface with formation of parasiform vacuum [1,13].
Echinococcosis -from the zoonosis point of view, it primarily has the importance of larval echinococcosis, which has a wide distribution among herbivores and omnivores animals (pigs, sheep, rodents, less often cattle, etc.). Parasitosis is particularly common in countries with developed sheep farming. Carnivores infected with imaginal echinococcosis (dogs, foxes, etc.) [1,6,13,14] are dangerous to humans directly in terms of the transmission of invasion.
Opisthorchiasis is a widespread parasitosis among carnivores, especially in cat family, as well as among omnivores, including humans. Opisthorchiasis is particularly common in countries with advanced industrial fi sh farming, where river and lake fi sh make up a large part of the diet of humans and animals. As mentioned earlier, opisthorchiasis can contribute to the development of oncological pathologies [1,13].
Rabies and anthrax are some of the most dangerous diseases for both humans and animals. Today, thanks to regular vaccinations of domestic or domestic and wild animals, rabies have been eliminated among domestic animals, and in a num-ber of countries -by almost 100% in wild fauna. However, in Africa, India and several other Asian countries, rabies claimed thousands of lives every year, where a large percent of them are children. Almost the same situation is with anthrax: as for many developed countries it is either a long-forgotten disease, or recorded in the form of sporadic cases among animals, and rarely -among humans. At the same time, anthrax poses a real threat in Asia and Africa (primarily), where all conditions and prerequisites exist for its spread to both animals and humans. In the same countries, foot-andmouth disease is widespread among farm animals. This disease also belongs to the group of zoonosis, but cases of registration among the population are isolated [2,3,4,7,8,11,12,19].
From the above-mentioned diseases, special attention should be paid to rabies, this disease is recorded annually in wild fauna, less often -among dogs, on average from 600 to 1000 cases per year (in the last 5 years). It should be noted that rabies in pets is recorded in the form of sporadic cases (dogs account for up to 90% of cases from all registered), but "forest" rabies is more massive, here the main animal is fox, less often -raccoon dog, wolf and other animals. Among the population of the Republic of Belarus, the latest case of human rabies was recorded in 2012.
Tuberculosis, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, chlamydia are detected in a number of areas of the Republic, but are sporadic and do not tend to spread, as rapid and targeted measures are taken to eliminate diseases in unfavorable farms.
Brucellosis has not been registered in the Republic of Belarus for more than 30 years.
In Belarus, cases of cryptosporidiosis are also Ascaridatosis -here we release quite wide distribution (up to 70-80% of the animals examined) dog toxocarosis, toxascariosis, cat toxocarosis, from 10 to 60% of pig ascaridosis. It is also worth to note the annual registration of visceral toxocarosis in the population (on average 150-200 cases per year, in the vast majority of them are children from 3 to 10 years old) ( Table 2).
Echinococcosis and trichinellosis have practically ceased to be registered among pig heads, which is due to the introduction of strict rules for the maintenance of pigs in closed enterprises and the prohibition of the holding of animals even in the private sector. During the last 5 years, only isolated cases of echinococcosis and trichinellosis in domestic pig were recorded (Table 1).
With regard to echinococcosis (larval) in farm animals, it should be noted that in the vast majority of cases echinnococcus was recorded in sheep (in the opening of fallen animals or in the postslaughter veterinary and sanitary examination of carcasses and organs). Here it should be noted that the greatest degree of invasion by echinococcus larvae, thin-neck and pisiform cysticeras (25-45% of all animals examined (carcasses)) we have noted in the private sector, where pastilles are used on non-cultured pastures, near forest areas or on the outskirts of cities, where there is a high probability of falling on pastures of vagrants or rural agitators, foxand other and other. Among the probably and main reasons of spreading of larval cestodoses are the harvesting of fodders in the area of forest and suburban areas, non-cultured pastures.
With regard to human infection with echinococcosis, 10+-3 cases in average per year have been recorded in recent years.
Fasciolosis is widespread among cattle, averaging 30-40% of the population in a number of farms. However, there have been no cases of registration of human fasciolosis in the territory of the Republic of Belarus in the last 5 years.
In Turkmenistan, compared to the Republic of Belarus, the issue of zoonosis is more topical, Table 1 -The intensity of parasitic zoonosis among farm animals for the last 5 years according to reports from meat processing companies and regional veterinary laboratories especially with regard to a number of particularly dangerous diseases (rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, echinococcosis). As a result of the studies and statistical analysis carried out, it was found that parasitic zoonoses such as echinococcosis, cryptosporidiosis, visceral toxocarosis, cysticercosis are the most spread in the territory of Turkmenistan.

Name of diseases
Along with echinococcosis, other cestodoses pose a rather signifi cant problem, or rather their larval stages -cysticercis. Cysticercis thin-neck (tenuicole) and cysticercis pisiform are most common among small cattle. The main causes of these invasions are identical, as in echinococcosis.
Cryptosporidiosis has become more common today than in previous years, and special attention is paid to it in human medicine, while veterinary services of the country often ignore this disease. The spread of cryptosporidiosis in the country is facilitated both by climatic conditions and by the peculiarities of agriculture, and by the late diagnosis and treatment of this disease both among animals and among the population.
Among animals, cryptosporidiosis is most common among cattle (about 10-35% of the studied population), it is registered in a number of sheep farms (5-7% of the studied population) and is the cause of high mortality of young people.
Fasciolosis is also quite common among farm animals: cattle is about 40%, sheep -50%, goats -40%, camels -10-15% of the tested population. In recent years, diseases have not been offi cially recorded among people, but the risk of infection exists especially among herders, shepherds and people living in rural areas.
The Republic of Tajikistan, due to its climatic and geographical location, also records quite a large number of zoonotic infections and invasions, among which anthrax, brucellosis, rabies, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis are the most common.
In Tajikistan, education is constantly being provided to the population, especially in rural areas, with a view to preventing anthrax infection.
Unfortunately, cases of rabies are also recorded in Tajikistan. In recent years (from 2015 to 2018) 44 people have died.
The next rather signifi cant problem for Tajikistan is brucellosis. To date, 500-800 heads of cattle and 2000-2500 heads of small cattle with brucellosis are detected annually by veterinary specialists ( Table 5). The main reasons for the spread of brucellosis are also primarily the low sanitary literacy of the population. Every year quite a large number of people are diagnosed with "brucellosis" -up to 1000 cases per year (Table 6).
Tuberculosis is less common than brucellosis, but an average of 100-200 cases per year are recorded among livestock.
Salmonellosis and leptospirosis are fairly common and widely recorded in the Republic of Tajikistan, the most common infections among the population working in agriculture.
One of the most common parasitic zoonosis in Tajikistan is echinococcosis. The study of the incidence of echinococcosis shows the endemic nature of this disease in the Republic of Tajikistan. Taking into account diffi cult diagnostics, all data on the spread of echinococcosis in the Republic are based on the data of veterinary and medical services, rather than on the results of mass surveys of the population and farm animals.
According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tajikistan, an average of 700 to 1,000 people with echinococcosis are allocated per year, but this fi gure is only approximate, taking into account that not all the population of the country regularly visits medical centers ( Table 7).
The total number of cattle and sheep carcasses in slaughter points and markets for the period 2013-2018 was 280,402 heads, and echinococcosis was identifi ed in 1,454 cases. Of these, 3677.8 kg of animal products were destroyed (Table 8).
Among parasitic zoonosis remains the problem of echinococcosis, visceral toxocarosis, cysticercosis and a number of other zoonosis. The spread of the main zoonoses is primarily related to the low literacy of certain groups of the population, the violation of sanitary and veterinary rules for the maintenance of animals (both agricultural and domestic), the receipt and sale of livestock products (primarily in the private sector).
Discussions. Our research on the prevalence of selected zoonotic diseases in a number of countries show that, in general, the data is coincide with the data of a number of other countries -cer-tain zoonoses tend to decrease their prevalence (Such as trichinellosis and larval echinococcosis among pigs in the Republic of Belarus), others (rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, larval and imaginal echinococcosis) remain a huge problem for countries such as Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, or begin to register again after many years (anthrax in the Republic of Belarus). A number of diseases, such as leptospirosis, chlamydiosis, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, are recorded more frequently in the form of small or sporadic outbreaks in individual farms, without noting trends in either increasing or decreasing intensity, but showing their stationary nature in individual farms, areas, regions. The main reasons for the occurrence and spread of zoonosis are primarily disorders on the part of animal maintenance, lack of regular diagnostic studies and medical and preventive treatments, as well as low sanitary literacy of the population.
Thus, we note that the problem of zoonosis is still relevant to many countries, and some of them are a signifi cant threat to both the animal population and the population of a country. Solving the problem of zoonotic diseases can be achieved only by joint eff orts of veterinary and medical services of countries, and the fact of constant improvement of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the fi eld of diagnosis, control and prevention of these diseases is important, and exchange of experience and joint work with colleagues from diff erent countries is important.
Conclusion. The problem of zoonotic diseases is common to all countries, despite the species diff erence between the diseases recorded. Studying the characteristics of the occurrence, transmission and spread of certain diseases in diff erent countries will allow to develop and implement measures aimed at preventing zoonosis, their spread and combating these diseases in a more detailed and reasonable manner. Knowledge and understanding the ways of spreading this group of diseases, clear adherence to the developed rules and instructions, transparency in cross-border relations, scientifi c and practical cooperation of countries will allow preventing entry and spread of not only common diseases, but also contagious diseases in general both among animals and the population.