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Патогенетичні механізми взаємодії вірусу АЧС з імунною системою та їх значення для епізоотології й біобезпеки тваринництва

Африканська чума свиней (ASF) – висококонтагіозна транскордонна вірусна хвороба, що завдає значних економічних збитків і становить загрозу глобальній біобезпеці. Збудник, вірус ASFV (родина Asfarviridae), є складним ДНК-вмісним вірусом із цитоплазматичною реплікацією, який виявляє виражений тропізм до клітин моноцитарно-макрофагальної лінії. Метою цього огляду є системний аналіз патогенетичних механізмів ASFV-інфекції з акцентом на імуномодулюючі стратегії вірусу та їхній вплив на формування сучасних підходів до епізоотологічного контролю. Сучасні дослідження підтверджують, що первинна реплікація ASFV супроводжується глибоким пригніченням вродженого імунітету через блокаду Toll-подібних рецепторів та інтерферон-регульованих генів (ISG), що сприяє необмеже ній вірусній реплікації. Ключовою ланкою патогенезу є індукція цитокінового шторму (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) на тлі системної імуносупресії, що призводить до судинної дисфункції, активації ДВЗ-синдрому та геморагічних проявів. Вірус уникає адаптивного імунітету через масовий апоптоз Т- і B-лімфоцитів, порушення антиген-презентації (зниження MHC-II) та продукцію низькоафінних антитіл, нездатних до нейтралізації вірусу. Окремі молекулярні механізми включають блокаду IFN-γ сигналізації через деградацію білками MGF360/505, інгібування NF-κB шляху, а також порушення функції комплементу через білки pEP153R та CD2v. У термінальній стадії розвивається гостра поліорганна недостатність із характерними ураженнями селезінки (гіперплазія пульпи, некрози), печінки (дегенерація гепатоцитів), нирок (некротичний гломерулонефрит) та серця (міокардіальні геморагії). Розуміння цих механізмів є основою для розробки цілеспрямованих заходів біобезпеки, включаючи моніторинг мутацій у генах MGF360/505 та CD2v, вдосконалення дезінфекційних протоколів з урахуванням стійкості ASFV, а також створення рекомбінантних вакцин на основі делеційних штамів. Інтеграція патогенетичних даних у стратегії епізоотологічного контролю дозволить розробити диференційовані підходи для уражених регіонів із урахуванням молекулярно-генетичних особливостей циркулюючих ізолятів ASFV.

Ключові слова: африканська чума свиней, African swine fever virus (ASFV), патогенез, імунна дисрегуляція, цитокіновий шторм, біобезпека та біозахист, епізоотологія.

РОМАНИШИНА Т.О. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3483-2887


ЛАХМАН А.Р. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-9734


ГАЛАТЮК О.Є. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9720-0660


БЕГАС В.Л. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-4700


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