You are here
Technologies for producing platelet masses for regenerative medicine
The development of regenerative medicine is to improve existing and to search for new tools for morphological and functional tissue repair, among which plasma or fi brin enriched with platelets (PRP and PRF) can be signifi cant. Autogenic platelet masses stimulate collagen synthesis, induce vascular growth, reduce pain, provide hemostasis, accelerate regeneration, reduce the risk of postoperative infectious and infl ammatory complications, and also have powerful osteoinductive properties. Due to the ability to produce the majority of growth factors, platelets can aff ect all stages of the infl ammatory-regenerative process, and therefore their biological products are of great importance in solving the problems of regenerative medicine. The technologies for obtaining PRP and PRF are based on centrifugation of blood, as a result of which its active components are concentrated in certain areas of the centrifuge. Blood sampling with or without an anticoagulant, as well as modifi cation of centrifugation protocols, allows to obtain various forms of platelet masses, such as a liquid, gel or clots. They are classifi ed, depending on the cellular content and architecture of fi brin, into several categories, namely: pure plasma enriched in platelets (P-PRP), plasma enriched in leukocytes and platelets (L-PRP); injectable fi brin enriched with platelets (i-PRF) and pure fi brin enriched with platelets (P-PRF), as well as fi brin enriched with white blood cells and platelets (L-PRF). The main diff erence in the manufacture of PRP compared to PRF is the use of anticoagulants and activators, as well as the possibility of using two-stage centrifugation. Platelet mass is used as an independent component mainly to stimulate the restoration of muscle tissue, to heal chronic wounds, to treat articular pathologies, and in combination with other materials, in particular to replace bone defects. The mechanisms of infl uence of each of the categories of platelet mass on tissue regeneration remains poorly understood. It is necessary to standardize the protocols for their preparation, taking into account the infl uence of additional substances, such as platelet activators or blood clotting and anticoagulants, as well as optimization of the methods for using each of the platelet mass forms.
Key words: platelets, PRP, PRF, centrifuges, centrifugal force.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9690-95311. Rublenko, M.V., Andriiets, V.H., Semeniak, S.A. (2015). Vykorystannia kompozytnykh materialiv za perelomiv trubchastykh kistok u tvaryn [The use of composite materials for tubular bone fractures in animals]. Bila Tserkva, 86 p.
2. Mazurkevych, A.I., Maliuk, M.O., Danilov, V.B., Kovpak, V.V. (2017). Perspektyvy rozvytku klitynnykh tekhnolohii u veterynarnii medytsyni [Prospects for the development of cellular technologies in veterinary medicine]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky [Bulletin of agrarian science]. pp. 34–40.
3. Smyrnova, N.V., Petrova, N.O., Lebedeva, Y.O., Popriadukhyn, P.V. (2016). Tkanevaja rekonstrukcija povrezhdenij kozhi i mjagkih tkanej metodami regenerativnoj mediciny [Tissue reconstruction of skin and soft tissue injuries using regenerative medicine methods]. Nauchnotekhnycheskye vedomosty SPbHPU [Scientifi c and technical statements of SPbSPU]. Fyzyko-matematycheskye nauky [Physics and mathematics]. no. 4 (253), pp. 129–138.
4. Semenov, B.S., Huseva, V.A., Rybin, E.V., Romanova, O.V. (2017). Lechenie tendinita poverhnostnogo sgibatelja pal'ca u loshadej s ispol'zovaniem trombocitarnoj autoplazmy [Treatment of surface fi nger fl exor tendonitis in horses using platelet autoplasma]. Vestnyk Altaiskoho hosudarstvennoho ahrarnoho unyversyteta [Bulletin of Altai State Agrarian University]. no. 1 (147), pp. 125–132.
5. Winkler, T., Sass, F.A., Duda, G.N., Schmidt-Bleek K. (2018). A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering. Bone Joint Res. Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 232–243.
6. Turan Cihan, Dülgeroglu, Hasan, Metineren. (2017). Evaluation of the Eff ect of Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Long Bone Healing: An Experimental Rat Model. Orthopedics. Vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 479–484.
7. Raquel Maia, F., Vitor, M. Correlo., Joaquim, M. Oliveira., Rui, L. Reis. (2019). Natural Origin Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering: Properties, Processing, and Performance. Principles of Regenerative Medicine. Third Edition. pp. 535–558. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-809880-6.00032-1 /
8. Kiran, N.K., Mukunda, K.S., Tilak Raj, T.N. Platelet Concentrates: A Promising Innovation In Dentistry. Journal of Dental Sciences & Research. 2011. Vol. 2. no. 1, pp. 50–61.
9. David, M. Dohan., Joseph, Choukroun., Antoine, Diss., Steve, L. Dohan. (2006). Platelet-rich fi brin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part I: Technological concepts and evolution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Vol. 101, pp. 37–44.
10. Korenkov, O.V. (2012). Vykorystannia biohennykh ta bioinertnykh materialiv u kistkovo-plastychnii khirurhii (ohliad literatury) [Use of biogenic and bioinert materials in bone and plastic surgery (literature review)]. Ortopedyia, travmatolohyia y protezyrovanye [Orthopedics, traumatology and prosthetics]. no. 4, pp. 120–128.
11. Osman, K., Ayman, Gabr., Fares, S. Haddad. (2019). General Orthopaedics and Basic Science, Orthopaedic Study Guide Series. pp. 111–119. Available at: //doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-92193-8_14
12. Weibrich, G., Hansen, T., Kleis, W., Buch, R., Hitzler, W.E. (2004). Eff ect of platelet concentration in platelet-rich plasma on peri-implant bone regeneration. Bone. no. 34, pp. 665–671.
13. Kostyv, R.E., Kalynychenko, S.H., Matveeva, N.Iu. (2017). Trofycheskye faktory rosta kostnoi tkany, ykh morfohenetycheskaia kharakterystyka y klynycheskoe znachenye [Trophic bone growth factors, their morphogenetic characteristics and clinical signifi cance]. Pacifc Medical Journal. no. 1, pp. 10–16.
14. Timothy, E.L. Douglas, Marta, Vandrovcová, Nikola, Kročilová. (2018). Application of whey protein isolate in bone regeneration: Eff ects on growth and osteogenic diff erentiation of bone-forming cells. Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 1–9.
15. Roitman, E.V. (2016). Osnovy profi laktiki venoznyh trombojembolicheskih oslozhnenij v onkologii [Fundamentals of the prevention of venous thromboembolic complications in oncology]. Uchebnoe posobie [Tutorial]. Moscow: RAMS Publishing House. 83 p.
16. Alekseeva, L.V., Zaitsev, V.V., Soloveva, L.P. (2017). Fiziologicheskie mehanizmy realizacii gemostaticheskih funkcij trombocitov [Physiological mechanisms for the implementation of hemostatic platelet functions]. Jelektronnyj nauchno-obrazovatel'nyj Vestnik «Zdorov'e i obrazovanie v XXI veke» [Electronic scientifi c and educational Bulletin "Health and education in the XXI century."]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1–6.
17. Matthias, H.F. Klinger, Wolfgan Jelkmann. (2002). Role of Blood Platelets in Infection and Infl ammation. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. Vol. 22, pp. 913–922.
18. Wachowicz B., Olas B., Zbikowska H.M., Ç Andrzej Buczynski. (2002). Generation of reactive oxygen species in blood Platelets. Platelets. Vol. 13, pp. 175–182.
19. Prosiannykova, N.V., Lypova, E.V., Pokrovskyi, K.A., Tarasenko, H.N. (2013). Trombocitarnaja massa pri hronicheskih jazvennyh defektah kozhi [Platelet mass in chronic ulcerative skin defects]. Rossijskij zhurnal kozhnyh i venericheskih boleznej [Russian Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases]. no. 2, pp. 20–23.
20. Savchenko, A.P., Zaitsev, V.V., Makuryna O.N. (2017). Fiziologicheskie osnovy diagnostiki agregacii trombocitov u biologicheskih ob'ektov [Physiological basis for the diagnosis of platelet aggregation in biological objects]. Jelektronnyj nauchno-obrazovatel'nyj Vestnik «Zdorov'e i obrazovanie v XXI veke» [Electronic scientifi c and educational Bulletin "Health and education in the XXI century."]. Vol. 19, pp. 14–18.
21. Marilena, Bazzano., Francescam, Arfuso., Elisabetta, Giudice, Simona, Di Pietro, Giuseppe, Piccione. (2015). Platelet Aggregation Percentage Increased in Healthy Broodmares During the Peripartum. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science KhKh. pp. 1–4.
22. Tomasz, Bielecki., David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest. (2012). Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF): Surgical Adjuvants, Preparations for In Situ Regenerative Medicine and Tools for Tissue Engineering. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. no. 13, pp. 1121–1130.
23. Nilkanth, Mhaske, Carol, Fernandes., Nilima, Rajhans., Gabriela, Fernandes. (2018). The role of leucocyte- and platelet rich fi brin (L-PRF) in periodontal regeneration: A review article. Mouth Teeth. Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–5.
24. Sabrina, Marcazzan, Roberto, Lodovico Weinstein., Massimo, Del Fabbro. (2017). Effi cacy of platelets in bone healing: A systematic review on animal studies. Platelets, Early Online. pp. 1–12. URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/iplt.
25. Ayswaria, B., Sarath, C., Seema, G. (2018). An Overview of Platelet Rich Fibrin in Periodontal Therapy. Journal of Indian Dental Association Attingal Branch. Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 49–53.
26. Kaux, J.F., Drion, P., Croisier, J.L., Crielaard, J.M. (2015). Tendinopathies and platelet-rich plasma (PRP): from pre-clinical experiments to therapeutic use. Journal of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine. Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 7–17.
27. Daikh, Badis, Bennoune, Omar. (2018). The eff ectiveness of platelet-rich plasma on the skin wound healing process: A comparative experimental study in sheep. Veterinary World. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 800–808.
28. Maria Rosaria, De Pascale, Linda, Sommese, Amelia, Casamassimi, Claudio, Napoli. (2015). Platelet Derivatives in Regenerative Medicine: An Update. Transfusion Medicine Reviews. Vol. 29, pp. 52–61.
29. Maximillian, Christian Oleya, Andi, Asadul Islamb, Mochammad, Hattac, Marhaen, Hardjod. (2018). Eff ects of platelet-rich plasma and carbonated hydroxyapatite combination on cranial defect Bone Regeneration: An animal study. Wound Medicine. no. 21, pp. 12–15.
30. Muñoz, F.T., Haidar, Z.S. (2018). L-PRF for Use in Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgeries: What Do We Know? J Oral Res. Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 88–90.
31. Musalaiah, S.V.S.S., Shaik, Sameera, Medandrao, Nagasri, Pavuluri, Aravind Kumar. (2018). Comparison of two surgical techniques in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions sandwiched with a combination of A-PRF and L-PRF. Saudi Dental Journal. Available at: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.03.002
32. Prakan, Thanasrisuebwong, Rudee, Surarit, Sompop, Bencharit, Nisarat, Ruangsawasdi. (2019). Infl uence of Fractionation Methods on Physical and Biological Properties of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin: An Exploratory Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. Vol. 20. Available at: www.mdpi.com/journal/ ijms
33. David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest, Lars, Rasmusson, Tomas, Albrektsson. Classifi cation of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fi brin (L-PRF). Trends in Biotechnology. Vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 158–167.
34. Kawase, T., Tanaka, T. (2017). An updated proposal for terminology and classifi cation of platelet-rich fi brin. Regenerative Therapy. Vol. 7, pp. 80–8
35. David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest, Gilberto, Sammartino, Jamil, Awad Shibli, Hom-Lay, Wang, De-Rong, Zou. (2013). Guidelines for the publication of articles related to platelet concentrates (Platelet-Rich Plasma - PRP, or PlateletRich Fibrin - PRF): the international classifi cation of the POSEIDO. POSEIDO. Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–27.
36. David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest, Tomasz, Bielecki, Allan, Mishra, Piero, Borzini. (2012). In Search of a Consensus Terminology in the Field of Platelet Concentrates for Surgical Use: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), Fibrin Gel Polymerization and Leukocytes. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Vol. 12, pp. 1131–1137.
37. Zahi, Badran, Mohamed-Nur, Abdallah, Jesus, Torres, Faleh, Tamimi. (2017). Platelet concentrates for bone regeneration: Current evidence and future challenges. Platelets. pp. 1–8. Available at: http:// doi.org/10.1080/09537 104.2017.132765
38. David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest, Isabel, Andia, Matthias, A. Zumstein, Chang-Qing, Zhang. (2014). Classifi cation of platelet concentrates (Platelet-Rich Plasma-PRP, PlateletRich Fibrin-PRF) for topical and infi ltrative use in orthopedic and sports medicine: current consensus, clinical implications and perspectives. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3–9.
39. Ahmad, Oryan, Soodeh, Alidadi, Ali, Moshiri, Amin, Bigham-Sadegh. (2014). Bone morphogenetic proteins: A powerful osteoinductive compound with non-negligible side eff ects and limitations. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. pp. 1–23.
40. Samuel, P. Franklin, Kate, E. Birdwhistell, Alena, Strelchik. (2017). Infl uence of Cellular composition and Exogenous Activation of Growth Factor and Cytokine Concentrations in Canine Platelet-Rich Plasmas. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Vol. 4, pp. 1–10.
41. Amita, Mali, Shraddha, Gokhale., Vishakha, Patil, Yogesh, Khadtare. (2018). Platelet rich fi brin: focus on growth factors and cytokines. International Journal of Recent Scientifi c Research. Vol. 9, no. 5 (B), pp. 26531–26535.
42. Vicki, L. Davis, Alaeddin, B. Abukabda, Nicholas, M. Radio, Paula, A. (2014). Witt-Enderby et al.. Platelet-Rich Preparations to Improve Healing. Part II: Platelet Activation and Enrichment, Leukocyte Inclusion, and Other Selection Criteria. Journal of Oral Implantology. Vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 511–521.
43. Alessandro, Crisci, Ugo, De Crescenzo, Michela, Crisci. (2018). Platelet-rich concentrates (L-PRF, PRP) in tissue regeneration: Control of apoptosis and interactions with regenerative cells. Journal of Clinical and Molecular Medicine. Vol. 1 (3), pp. 1–5.
44. George, Sam, Rosamma, Joseph Vadakkekuttical, Nagrale, Vijay Amol. (2015). In vitro evaluation of mechanical properties of platelet-rich fi brin membrane and scanning electron microscopic examination of its surface characteristics. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 32–36.
45. Xuzhu, Wang, Yufeng. Zhang, Joseph, Choukroun, Shahram, Ghanaati. (2017). Behavior of Gingival Fibroblasts on Titanium Implant Surfaces in Combination with either Injectable-PRF or PRP. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. pp. 1–15.
46. Mehmet, Yaltirik, Meltem, Koray, Hümeyra, Kocaelli, Duygu, Ofl uoglu. (2018). Platelet-Rich Plasma in Trauma Patients. Trauma in Dentistry. Available at: http://doi. org/10.5772/intechopen.79966.
47. Bartlomiej, Baszczyk, Wojciech, Kaspera, Krzysztof, Ficek. (2018). Eff ects of Polylactide Copolymer Implants and Platelet-Rich Plasma on Bone Regeneration within a Large Calvarial Defect in Sheep. BioMed Research International. pp. 1–11.
48. Josiane, M. Pazzini, Andrigo, B. De Nardi, Rafael, R. Huppes, Ana, P. (2016). Gering. Method to obtain plateletrich plasma from rabbits. Pesq. Vet. Bras. Vol. 36 (1), pp. 39–44.
49. Falan, H. Khalaf, Serwa, Ibrahim Salih. (2018). Clinical and histopathological evaluation of using plateletrich plasma and platelet-rich fi brin matrix in treatment of induced chronic open wounds in bucks. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 337–341.
50. Peck, M.T., Hiss, D., Stephen, L. (2016). Factors aff ecting the preparation, constituents, and clinical eff cacy of leukocyte- and platelet- rich fi brin (L-PRF). SADJ. Vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 298–302. 51. Chernyshenko, V., Steinberg, K., Lugovska, N., Ryzhykova, M. (2019). Preparation of highly-Concentrated Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma for Biomedical use. Ukr. Biochemical Journal. Vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 19–27.
52. Pencho, Kossev, Tsvetan, Sokolov. (2015). Plateletrich Plasma (PRP) in Orthopedics and Traumatology – Review. Immunopathology and Immunomodulation. pp. 173–195. Available at: http://doi.org/10.5772/61326
53. Richard, Simman, Andrea, Hoff mann, Jordan Bohinc, R., Wylan, C. Peterson. (2008). Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Acceleration of Bone Fracture Healing. Annals of Plastic Surgery. Vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 337–344.
54. Hamed, M.A., Abouelnasr, K.S., El-Adl, M., Abo, Elfadl E.A. (2019). Eff ectiveness of allogeneic platelet-rich fi brin on second intention wound healing of experimental skin defect in distal limb in donkeys (Equus asinus). Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. Available at: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.014.
55. Deborah, Chicharro, Jose, M. Carrillo, Mónica, Rubio, Ramón, Cugat. (2018). Combined plasma rich in growth factors and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes the cutaneous wound healing in rabbits. BMC Veterinary Research. Vol. 14. Available at: https://doi. org/10.1186/s12917-018-1577-y
56. Banashek-Meshherjakova T.V. Primenenie obogashhennoj trombocitami plazmy dlja stimuljacii regenerativnyh processov pri operacijah na srednem uhe: spec. 14.01.03 "bolezni uha, gorla i nosa". [The use of platelet-rich plasma to stimulate regenerative processes in operations on the middle ear: spec. 01/14/03 "diseases of the ear, throat and nose"]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2011. 30 s.
57. Joseph, Alsousou, Paul, Harrison. Therapeutic PlateletRich Plasma in Wound Healing. PART VI Therapy to Increase Platelet Numbers and/or Function. pp. 1161–1171. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813456-6.00065-5
58. Julia, Etulain. (2018). Platelets in wound healing and regenerative medicine. Platelets. pp. 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2018.1430357
59. Lisa, M. Yerke, Amal, Jamjoom, Talal, M. Zahid, Robert, E. Cohen. (2017). The Eff ect of Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate, Platelet-Rich Plasma and Resorbable Collagen on Soft Tissue Closure of Extraction Sites. J. Funct. Biomater. Vol. 8, no. 17, pp. 1–8.
60. David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest, Lars, Rasmusson, Tomas, Albrektsson. (2009). Classifi cation of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fi brin (L-PRF). Trends in Biotechnology. Vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 158–167.
61. Choukroun, J., Ghanaati, S. (2018). Reduction of relative centrifugation force within injectable platelet-richfbrin (PRF) concentrates advances patients own inflammatory cells, platelets and growth factors: the frst introduction to the low speed centrifugation concept. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. Vol. 44, pp. 87–95.
62. Mito, Kobayashi, Tomoyuki, Kawase, Makoto, Horimizu, Kazuhiro, Okuda. (2012). A proposed protocol for the standardized preparation of PRF membranes for clinical use. Biologicals. Vol. 40, pp. 323–329.
63. David, M. Dohan, Joseph, Choukroun, Antoine, Diss, Steve, L. Dohan. (2006). Platelet-rich fi brin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: Plateletrelated biologic features. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Vol. 101, pp. 45–50.
64. David, M. Dohan Ehrenfest, Marco, Del Corso, Francesco, Inchingolo., Gilberto, Sammartino. (2010). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fi brin (PRF) in human cell cultures: Growth factor release and contradictory results. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Vol. 110, no. 42, pp. 418–421.
65. Nikos, Donos, Xanthippi, Dereka, Elena, Calciolari. (2019). The use of bioactive factors to enhance bone regeneration: A narrative review. J Clin Periodontol. Vol. 46(Suppl. 21), pp. 124–161.
66. David, Polak, Navit, Clemer-Shamai, Lior, Shapira. (2019). Incorporating Antibiotics into Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF): A Novel Antibiotics Slow Release Biological Device. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. pp. 241–247. Available at: https:// doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13063.
67. Huang, Y., Wu, C., Zhang, X., Chang, J. (2017). Regulation of immune response by bioactive ions released from silicate bioceramics for bone regeneration. Acta Biomaterialia. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1016/j. actbio.2017.08.044.
68. Mirza, M.H., Bommala, P., Richbourg, H.A., Rademacher, N. (2016). Gait Changes Vary among Horses with Naturally Occurring Osteoarthritis Following Intraarticular Administration of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma. Front. Vet. Sci. Vol. 3. Available at: www.frontiersin.org
69. Moody, A. Samuel, Maha, A. Abou Khadr, Azza, S. Koura, Marwa, I. Madi. (2017). The eff ect of platelet rich fi brin on angiogenesis during periodontal regeneration. Alexandria Dental Journal. Vol. 42, pp. 182–186.
70. Qi, Lin WANG, Pan, YANG, Li, Hong Ge, He, Liu. (2016). Preliminary Evaluation of Platelet Rich FibrinMediated Tissue Repair in Immature Canine Pulpless Teeth. The Chinese Journal of Dental Research. Vol. 19. 1, pp. 49–54.
71. Yu, Zhang, Stefan, Tangl, Christian, D. Huber, Ye, Lin. (2012). Eff ects of Choukrouns platelet-rich fi brin on bone regeneration in combination with deproteinized bovine bone mineral in maxillary sinus augmentation: A histological and histomorphometric study. Journal of Cranio-MaxilloFacial Surgery. Vol. 40, pp. 321–328.
72. Salih, S.I., Al-Falahi, N.H., Saliem, A.H., Abedsalih, A.N. (2018). Eff ectiveness of platelet-rich fi brin matrix treated with silver nanoparticles in fracture healing in rabbit model. VeterinaryWorld. Vol. 11 (7), pp. 944–952.
| Attachment | Size |
|---|---|
 shevchenko_2_2019.pdf | 4.24 MB |